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Figure 5.4: Contents of the [data] share with dont descend 5.2.2 Links DOS and NT filesystems don t have symbolic links; Windows 95/98/NT systems approximate this with “shortcuts” instead. Therefore, when a client tries to open a symbolic link on a Samba server share, Samba attempts to follow the link to find the real file and let the client open it, as if he or she were on a Unix machine. If you don t want to allow this, set the followsymlinks option: [data] path = /home/samba/data browseable = yes guest ok = yes writeable = yes case sensitive = no follow symlinks = no You can test this by creating a directory on the Unix server inside the share as the user that you are logging in with. Enter the following commands: % mkdir hello; cd hello % cat “This is a test” >hello.txt % ln -s hello.txt “Link to hello” This results in the two files shown in the window in Figure 5.5. Normally, if you click on either one, you will receive a file which has the text “This is a test” inside of it. However, with the followsymlinksoption set to no, you should receive an error similar to the dialog in Figure 5.5 if you click on “Link to hello.” Figure 5.5: An error dialog trying to follow symbolic links when forbidden by Samba 152
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[data] path = /home/samba/data browseable = yes guest ok = yes writeable = yes case sensitive = no veto files = /*.java/*README*/ The syntax of this option is identical to the hidefilesconfiguration option: each entry must begin, end, or be separated from another with a slash (/) character, even if there is only one pattern listed. By doing so, the files hello.javaand READMEwill simply disappear from the directory, and the user will not be able to access them through SMB. There is one other question that we need to address. What happens if the user tries to delete a directory that contains vetoed files? This is where the deletevetofilesoption comes in. If this boolean option is set to yes, the user is allowed to delete both the regular files and the vetoed files in the directory, and the directory itself will be removed. If the option is set to no, the user will not be able to delete the vetoed files, and consequently the directory will not be deleted either. From the user s perspective, the directory will appear to be empty, but cannot be removed. The dontdescenddirective specifies a list of directories whose contents Samba should not allow to be visible. Note that we say contents, not the directory itself. Users will be able to enter a directory marked as such, but they are prohibited from descending the directory tree any farther they will always see an empty folder. For example, let s use this option with a more basic form of the share that we defined earlier in the chapter: [data] path = /home/samba/data browseable = yes guest ok = yes writeable = yes case sensitive = no dont descend = config defaults In addition, let s assume that the /home/samba/data directory has the following contents: drwxr-xr-x 6 tom users 1024 Jun 13 09:24 . drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 1024 Jun 10 17:53 .. -rw-r–r–2 tom users 1024 Jun 9 11:43 README drwxr-xr-x 3 tom users 1024 Jun 13 09:28 config drwxr-xr-x 3 tom users 1024 Jun 13 09:28 defaults drwxr-xr-x 3 tom users 1024 Jun 13 09:28 market If the user then connects to the share, he or she would see the directories shown in Figure 5.4. However, the contents of the /config and /defaults directories would appear empty to the user, even if other folders or files existed in them. In addition, users cannot write any data to the folder (which prevents them from creating a file or folder with the same name as one that is already there but invisible). If a user attempts to do so, he or she will receive an “Access Denied” message. dontdescendis an administrative option, not a security option, and is not a substitute for good file permissions. 151
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Instead of simply hiding files beginning with a dot, you can also specify a string pattern to Samba for files to hide, using the hidefilesoption. For example, let s assume that we specified the following in our example [data]share: [data] path = /home/samba/data browseable = yes guest ok = yes writeable = yes case sensitive = no hide files = /*.java/*README*/ Each entry for this option must begin, end, or be separated from another with a slash (/) character, even if there is only one pattern listed. This convention allows spaces to appear in filenames. In this example, the share directory would appear as shown in Figure 5.3. Again, note that we have set the Windows 98 option to view hidden files for the window. Figure 5.3: Hiding files based on filename patterns If we want to prevent users from seeing files at all, we can instead use the vetofilesoption. This option, which takes the same syntax as the hidefilesoption, specifies a list of files that should never be seen by the user. For example, let s change the [data] share to the following: 150
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Using Samba Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown, Peter Kelly 1st Edition November 1999 1-56592-449-5, Order Number: 4495 416 pages, $34.95 Buy the hardcopy Table of Contents Chapter 5 Browsing and Advanced Disk Shares 5.2 Filesystem Differences One of the biggest issues for which Samba has to correct is the difference between Unix and non-Unix filesystems. This includes items such as handling symbolic links, hidden files, and dot files. In addition, file permissions can also be a headache if not accounted for properly. This section describes how to use Samba to make up for some of those annoying differences, and even how to add some new functionality of its own. 5.2.1 Hiding and Vetoing Files There are some cases when we need to ensure that a user cannot see or access a file at all. Other times, we don t want to keep a user from accessing a file - we just want to hide it when they view the contents of the directory. On Windows systems, an attribute of files allows them to be hidden from a folder listing. With Unix, the traditional way of hiding files in a directory is to precede them with a dot (.). This prevents items such as configuration files or defaults from being seen when performing an ordinary lscommand. Keeping a user from accessing a file at all, however, involves working with permissions on files and or directories. The first option we should discuss is the boolean hidedotfiles. This option does exactly what it says. When set to yes, the option treats files beginning with a period (.) as hidden. If set to no, those files are always shown. The important thing to remember is that the files are only hidden. If the user has chosen to show all hidden files while browsing (e.g., using the Folder Options menu item under the View menu in Windows 98), they will still be able to see the files, as shown in Figure 5.2. Figure 5.2: Hidden files in the [data] share 149
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[global] domain master = yes If you have a Windows NT server on the network acting as a primary domain controller (PDC), we recommend that you do not use Samba to become the domain master browser. The reverse is true as well: if Samba is taking on the responsibilities of a PDC, we recommend making it the domain master browser. Splitting the PDC and the domain master browser will cause unpredictable errors to occur on the network. 5.1.5.13 remote browse sync The global remotebrowsesyncoption specifies that Samba should synchronize its browse lists with local master browsers in other subnets. However, the synchronization can occur only with other Samba servers, and not with Windows computers. For example, if your Samba server was a master browser on the subnet 192.168.235, and Samba local master browsers existed on other subnets at 192.168.234.92 and 192.168.236.2, you could specify the following: remote browse sync = 192.168.234.92 192.168.236.2 The Samba server would then directly contact the other machines on the address list and synchronize browse lists. You can also say: remote browse sync = 192.168.234.255 192.168.236.255 This forces Samba to broadcast queries to determine the IP addresses of the local master browser on each subnet, with which it will then synchronize browse lists. This only works, however, if your router doesn t block directed broadcast requests ending in 255. 5.1.5.14 remote announce Samba servers are capable of providing browse lists to foreign subnets with the remote announceoption. This is typically sent to the local master browser of the foreign subnet in question. However, if you do not know the address of the local master browser, you can do the following: [global] remote announce = 192.168.234.255/ACCOUNTING \ 192.168.236.255/ACCOUNTING With this, Samba will broadcast host announcements to all machines on subnets 192.168.234 and 192.168.236, which will hopefully reach the local master browser of the subnet. You can also specify exact IP addresses, if they are known. 4.8 Logging Configuration Options 5.2 Filesystem Differences O Reilly Home | O Reilly Bookstores | How to Order | O Reilly Contacts International | About O Reilly | Affiliated Companies 1999, O Reilly & Associates, Inc. 148
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[global] lm announce = yes The default value is auto. You probably won t need to change this value from its default. 5.1.5.9 lm interval This option, which is used in conjunction with lmannounce, indicates the number of seconds nmbd will wait before repeatedly broadcasting LAN Manager-style announcements. Remember that LAN Manager announcements must be activated in order for this option to be used. The default value is 60 seconds. If you set this value to 0, Samba will not send any LAN Manager host announcements, no matter what the value of the lmannounceoption. You can reset the value of this option as follows: [global] lm interval = 90 5.1.5.10 preferred master The preferredmasteroption requests that Samba set the preferred master bit when participating in an election. This gives the server a higher preferred status in the workgroup than other machines at the same operating system level. If you are configuring your Samba machine to become the local master browser, it is wise to set the following value: [global] preferred master = yes Otherwise, you should leave it set to its default, no. If Samba is configured as a preferred master browser, it will force an election when it first comes online. 5.1.5.11 os level The global osleveloption dictates the operating system level at which Samba will masquerade during a browser election. If you wish to have Samba win an election and become the master browser, you can set the level above that of the operating system on your network with the highest current value. The values are shown in Table 5-1. The default level is 0, which means that Samba will lose all elections. If you wish Samba to win all elections, you can reset its value as follows: os level = 34 This means that the server will vote for itself 34 times each time an election is called, which ensures a victory. 5.1.5.12 domain master If Samba is the primary domain controller for your workgroup or NT domain, it should also be the domain master browser. The domain master browser is a special machine that has the NetBIOS resource type <1B> and is used to propagate browse lists to and from each of the local master browsers in individual subnets across the domain. To force Samba to become the domain master browser, set the following in the [global]section of the smb.conf: 147
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5.1.5.5 auto services The global autoservicesoption, which is also called preload, ensures that the specified shares are always visible in the browse list. One common use for this option is to advertise specific user or printer shares that are created by the [homes]or [printers]shares, but are not otherwise browsable. This option works best with disk shares. If you wish to force each of your system printers (i.e., those listed in the printer capabilities file) into the browse list using this option, we recommend using the loadprintersoption instead. Any shares listed with the autoservicesoption will not be displayed if the browselistoption is set to no. 5.1.5.6 default service The global defaultserviceoption (sometimes called default) names a “last-ditch” share. If set to an existing share name, and a client requests a nonexistent disk or printer share, Samba will attempt to connect the user to the share specified by this option instead. The option is specified as follows: default service = helpshare Note that there are no braces surrounding the share name helpshare, even though the definition of the share later in the Samba configuration file will have braces. Also, if you use the %Svariable in the share specified by this option, it will represent the requested, nonexistent share, not the default service. Any underscores (_) specified in the request share will be converted to slashes (/) when the variable is used. 5.1.5.7 local master This global option specifies whether Samba will attempt to become the local master browser for the subnet when it starts up. If this option is set to yes, Samba will take place in elections. However, setting this option by itself does not guarantee victory. (Other parameters, such as preferredmasterand oslevelhelp Samba win browsing elections.) If this option is set to no, Samba will lose all browsing elections, no matter which values are specified by the other configuration options. The default value is yes. 5.1.5.8 lm announce The global lmannounceoption tells Samba s nmbd whether or not to send LAN Manager host announcements on behalf of the server. These host announcements may be required by older clients, such as IBM s OS/2 operating system. This announcement allows the server to be added to the browse lists of the client. If activated, Samba will announce itself repetitively at the number of seconds specified by the lmintervaloption. This configuration option takes the standard boolean values, yesand no, which engage or disengage LAN Manager announcements, respectively. In addition, there is a third option, auto, which causes nmbd to passively listen for LAN Manager announcements, but not send any of its own initially. If LAN Manager announcements are detected for another machine on the network, nmbd will start sending its own LAN Manager announcements to ensure that it is visible. You can specify the option as follows: 146
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5.1.5.1 announce as This global configuration option specifies the type of operating system that Samba will announce to other machines on the network. The default value for this option is NT, which represents a Windows NT operating system. Other possible values are Win95, which represents a Windows 95 operating system, and WfWfor a Windows for Workgroup operating system. You can override the default value with the following: [global] announce as = Win95 We recommend against changing the default value of this configuration option. 5.1.5.2 announce version This global option is frequently used with the announceasconfiguration option; it specifies the version of the operating system that Samba will announce to other machines on the network. The default value of this options is 4.2, which places itself above the current Windows NT version of 4.0. You can specify a new value with a global entry such as the following: [global] announce version = 4.3 We recommend against changing the default value of this configuration option. 5.1.5.3 browseable The browseableoption (also spelled browsable) indicates whether the share referenced should appear in the list of available resources of the machine on which it resides. This option is always set to yesby default. If you wish to prevent the share from being seen in a client s browser, you can reset this option to no. Note that this does not prevent someone from accessing the share using other means, such as specifying a UNC location (//server/accounting)in Windows Explorer. It only prevents the share from being listed under the machine s resources when being browsed. 5.1.5.4 browse list You should never need to change this parameter from its default value of yes. If your Samba server is acting as a local master browser (i.e., it has won the browsing election), you can use the global browselistoption to instruct Samba to provide or withhold its browse list to all clients. By default, Samba always provides a browse list. You can withhold this information by specifying the following: [global] browse list = no If you disable the browse list, clients cannot browse the names of other machines, their services, and other domains currently available on the network. Note that this won t make any particular machine inaccessible; if someone knows a valid machine name/address and a share on that machine, they can still connect to it explicitly using NET USE or by mapping a drive letter to it using Windows Explorer. It simply prevents information in the browse list from being retrieved by any client that requests it. 145
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Table 5.3: Browsing Configuration Options Option announce as Parameters NTor Win95or WfW Function Sets the operating system that Samba will announce itself as. Default NT Scope Global announce version numerical Sets the version of the operating system that Samba will announce itself as. 4.2 Global browseable (browsable) boolean Allows share to be displayed in list of machine resources. yes Share browse list boolean If yes, Samba will provide a browse list on this server. yes Global auto services (preload) string (share list) Sets a list of shares that will always appear in the browse list. None Global default service (default) string (share name) Names a share (service) that will be provided if the client requests a share not listed in smb.conf. None Global local master boolean If yes, Samba will try to become a master browser on the local subnet. yes Global lm announce yesor noor auto Enables or disables LAN Manager style host announcements. auto Global lm interval numerical Specifies the frequency in seconds that LAN Manager announcements will be made if activated. 60 Global preferred master (prefered master) boolean If yes, Samba will use the preferred master browser bit to attempt to become the local master browser. no Global domain master boolean If yes, Samba will try to become the main browser master for the workgroup. no Global os level numerical Sets the operating system level of Samba in an election for local master browser. 0 Global remote browse sync string (list of IP addresses) Lists Samba servers to synchronize browse lists with. None Global remote announce string (IP address/ workgroup pairs) Lists subnets and workgroups to send directed broadcast packets to, allowing Samba to appear to browse lists. None Global 144
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In order for this to work, the other Samba machines must also be local master browsers. You can also use directed broadcasts with this option if you do not know specific IP addresses of local master browsers. 5.1.5 Browsing Options Table 5.3 shows 14 options that define how Samba handles browsing tasks. We recommend the defaults for a site that prefers to be easy on its users with respect to locating shares and printers. 143
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